Although known as the national instrument of Madagascar, the valiha may actually have originated in Indonesia. The rich cultural interaction it represents is characteristic of this island nation, a place where for centuries African and South Asian traditions have come together.

Structurally, the valiha is a kind of tube shaped zither. There are 10 to 19 or more strings traditionally made from the outer layer of cane, and attached to each end by raffia binding; nowadays, metal strings are used. Tuning is obtained by moveable bridges that are rectangular or triangular. In some parts of the island, a wooden resonator, or even an oilcan, is added to the end of the instrument such as with the marovany.

Now a secular instrument, historically it was closely associated with religious ceremonies; performers were often members of the aristocracy. Some scholars argue that at one time only men could play this instrument, but there is not conclusive evidence that women were completely excluded; contemporary musicians include both men and women.

The valiha embodies a rich tradition of cultural continuity and adaptability. Although the instrument has retained the same basic structure for well over a century, there have been innovations in repertoire and performance contexts. Contemporary players in some areas of Madagascar use metal strings and more western-oriented tonal harmonies in their music.