A string instrument, closely associated with the medieval fiddles (viol, vielle, gigue) and commonly used from 1200–1350. It was known by other names in various languages. Like the modern guitar, it was manipulated at the neck to get different notes, and picked or strummed with a plectrum (the citole's pick was long, thick, straight and likely made of ivory or wood). Although it was largely out of use by the late 14th century, a modified form was re-introduced in Italy in the 16th century as the cetra (cittern in English) and it may have influenced the development of the guitar as well. It was also a pioneering instrument in England, introducing the populace to necked, plucked instruments, including the newly arriving lutes and gitterns. Two possible descendant instrument are the Portuguese guitar and the Corsican cetera, both types of cittern.

It is known today mainly from art and literary sources. From medieval artwork it is known that it was generally a 4-string instrument, and could have anything from a 'holly-leaf' to a rounded guitar-shaped body.

Only one physical instrument has survived the centuries. It is associated with Warwick Castle, was made around 1290–1300 and is now preserved in the British Museum (as shown).